Interrelationship of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation Essay

In the article â€Å"Interrelationship of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation† by Jerry Dermer, there are three different assumptions about the interrelationship between extrinsic and intrinsic motivation from three different researchers. Firstly, Deci, E.L. stated that an extrinsic performance-contingent reward reduces people’s intrinsic motivation. Secondly, Hofstede, G.H. supported that intrinsic motivation is a necessary co-requisite for extrinsic rewards to be motivating; however, intrinsic motivation is not reduced in the occurrence of extrinsic rewards. Thirdly, the general assumption of many motivational researchers believed that intrinsic and extrinsic motivations are unrelated. The purpose of the study was to firstly determine if there is a relationship between extrinsic and intrinsic motivation, and then to help management in resolving the dilemma of whether or not they should provide rewards based on performance. The study conducted a questionnaire which was distributed to 81 department store managers in a large department store chain. The questionnaire included measurements for extrinsic and intrinsic motivation. For extrinsic motivation’s measurement, the questionnaire listed seven statements for managers to rate on the Likert scale. The budget performance in these seven statements was linked to seven extrinsic outcomes: recognition, advancement, job security, better peer relations, better supervisory relations, increased responsibility, and increased salary. For example, â€Å"‘exceeding budgeted performance will lead to more responsibility’† (Dermer, 1975). For intrinsic motivation’s measurement, the questionnaire only listed three statements asking the managers to rate the level to which higher order need satisfaction is affected by good performance. For instance, â€Å"‘Doing my job well gives me a feeling of accomplishment’† (Dermer , 1975). In order to have a fair and accurate result, both statements were presented in Likert format. Managers needed to rank the statements from strongly agree to strongly disagree. Also, the questionnaire was intermixed with other random statements to minimize halo effects and hence increase the accuracy of the result. The result reinforces Hofstede’s statement and overthrows Deci’s and the general assumptions. This research showed that the higher a store manager’s intrinsic motivation, the greater his responsibility, recognition, pay and motivation for advancement. The main finding was that intrinsic motivation was an essential co-requisite for extrinsic motivation. Meanwhile, extrinsic reward would not reduce workers’ intrinsic motivation. The research found out that the higher one’s intrinsic motivation, the greater his motivation for extrinsic rewards. Therefore, based on this concept, management should implement some strategies to stimulate workerâ⠂¬â„¢s intrinsic motivation. During the hiring process, the hiring manager of the organization should inquire about the interviewees’ interests. The main purpose of doing this is to make sure that the interviewee does like the job. The goal of the interview is to hire people who are intrinsically motivated because these individuals are more willing to learn and to accept challenges. Depending on the nature of the organization, the human relations department should carefully select candidates that fit the job requirement, as well as to consider one’s personality. For example, a hospital requires nurses to be extraverted and agreeable. As the employees achieve the person-job fit, which is defined as the workers finding the job that fits their values the most, the employees will have a higher level of intrinsic motivation. For example, when a patient is recovered, the nurse will be proud of herself, hence her intrinsic motivation will increase. Besides, management should work to increase the level of organizational commitment of the workers. The higher the affective commitment, the higher the level of job performance the workers achieve. The reason is that if the workers have high affective commitment, they are more motivated to stay in the organization and is happy to devote their time and energy in benefiting the firm. High affective commitment implies these workers are intrinsically motivated because they love their work. To increase the level of organizational commitment, management should provide a fun workplace and encourage them to think creatively. Moreover, managers should permit workers to have great autonomy and encourage new ideas at the workplace so that workers will be more willing to think about ideas in a greater depth. However, promoting intrinsic motivation may lead to several potential costs. Firstly, a long period of time is needed to foster each worker’s intrinsic motivation. Secondly, the strategies to nurture intrinsic motivation vary from person to person. Even though there are potential costs for promoting intrinsic motivation, the potential benefits resulting from intrinsic motivation are much greater. Firstly, an organization will be more profitable and efficient as its employees are more self-motivated and satisfied with their job. The more self-motivated the employees are, the higher their efficiency. Also, workers will be more motivated and will not need continuous supervision if they like the job. Another benefit from having intrinsically motivated workers is that these workers are less likely to be late as they like their job. Also they are more likely to excel at their jobs. Hence, the organization’s efficiency will be improved significantly. To conclude, the article â€Å"Interrelationship between Intrinsic Motivation and Extrinsic Motivation† by Jerry Dermer is informative in explaining the relationship between two different types of motivation. The reason is that Jerry found three different authoritative researchers and compared their views. Instead of taking away from the research, readers should think about Deci’s and Hofstede’s statement critically because Jerry Derman also talked about the saving grace of Deci’s statement. Lastly, the recommendations for management practices are appropriate as all of the organizations highly demand intrinsically motivated employees. Reference Dermer, J. (1975). The interrelationship of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. The Academy of Management Journal, 18(1), 125-129. 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The sights of leadership

Every leader must master three aspects of visionary sight – 1. Hindsight: The ability to reflect and learn from the past 2. Insight: The ability to interpret and respond to the present 3. Foresight: The ability to predict and prepare for the future But while every leader must operate in all three aspects of vision, which focus they rely on most will have far-reaching implications for their lives and organisations they build. Which focus do you favour? Hindsight Leadership: Tends to emphasise the value of experience and evidence. They look at the future through the eyes of the past. Like a lawyer they tend to look for a precedent for every decision. They’re hoping it’s true that â€Å"history repeats itself†. Although we absolutely must reflect on the past and learn the lessons it offers us, we cannot afford to become overly focused on the past in our leadership any more than we can afford to drive whilst staring in the rear vision mirror. Insight Leadership: Tends to emphasise the value of tactics and reality. They look at the future as an extrapolation of current events and trends. Finely tuned to what is happening around them, they hope that by responding correctly now they will experience success in the future. Although they’re not spending a lot of time looking backwards, they’re also not spending much time looking ahead. The focus becomes about where we are now and what step we could take next. For this leader the old adage not to â€Å"climb the ladder only to find it’s leaning across the wrong wall† contains an important warning. Foresight Leadership: Tends to emphasise possibilities and innovation. They look at the future as uncharted territory or a clean slate. Although they reflect on the past and respond to the present, they are much more concerned with preparing for the future. They drive their organisations with glances in the rear vision mirror and awareness of their surroundings but more than anything else they have clear focus on where they are going and what’s coming up on the road ahead. I often advocate insight which is the moment, that is the balancing or transformation point between hindsight and foresight. Insight is neither hindsight nor foresight. This point is also the birthplace of the two endpoints because what you do at this point of insight becomes your past and determines your future. The problem we so often experience is that we give our attention to the past or the future, at the expense of attending the all-important present moment. We worry about our past or fret about our future and in that process we give up our opportunity to exercise any influence we have in our lives, which can only happen in the here and now

Analysis Of The Wanderer Religion Essay

Analysis Of The Wanderer Religion Essay The Wanderer's brave practices were centered on God and Destiny. He was thought that people's lifestyles were managed by them and may "place males into jobs where it appears difficult in order for them to arise with recognition" are evaluated by their option that they execute their goal that was selected . The bravery to avoid the fate of one caused the thought of Popularity, which "is not anything lesser than Destiny": will's effectiveness and also human beings' bravery, and also the storage that could protect their actions. He'd to possess bravery since it frequently intended experiencing excellent bodily struggles, comprehending that he'd probably die if he opposed his destiny. However the Wanderer prefer to die within an early, death that is brave, attempting to accomplish Popularity in the place of resting back and doing nothing, since " he is never died for by Popularity ". The unhappy wanderer prays frequently for empathy And from mercy from Lord God; however for quite a long time. Future decrees that having a large heart he should drop. Their oars into frozen seas, operating his pasaje within the ocean. He must-follow exile.Fate's pathways is inexorable! . The Wandereris faith incorporated an afterlife's perception in Heck or Paradise; he'd devoted during his existence wherever one went relied about the sins. Since where one went in his afterlife come from his steps, Christians didn't have confidence in Fate's concept. Alternatively they respected within God's justice. Catastrophe and beat were more straightforward to comprehend within this faith. Although one endured on the planet, but brought a great lifestyle dedicated to Lord; this is exactly why the wanderer thought that he'd be compensated for his suffering within the Paradise. Funeral may be the compliment of dwelling males After his demise, he should abandon He'll did great actions on the planet against The malice of his enemies, and respectable works From the demon, the kids of males Might reward after him, and his beauty reside For good using the angels within the elegance. (lines 90-93) Where's the mount gone? Where the person? Where gold's provider? Where's he eating location? I mourn the soldier in his corselet, the sparkling mug. The prince's beauty. On the subject of the setting, emotions of the wanderer after demise of his lord differentiate two types of configurations: a real setting, which means isolation of location without his Master, a lonely spot completed by dim dunes, seabirds, etc. Along with a religious environment, making mention of the wandereris center, who recalls his friend's isolation: God and his Master. For that wanderer, all the actual world's pleasures are eliminated. He's no mead area to contact no other kinsmen to safeguard him, no master to function, and their own. Their world continues to be changed into a mystical and unfamiliar organization. He understands the only genuine friend to 1 who's exiled is sorrow that is vicious and he chooses he isn't any longer likely to turn to supply sadnessis and yesteryear fire, but instead turn to the near future and extinguish sorrow. Where they're accepted and in a position to improve their existence like a fellow-man of the hall their wish would be to ultimately arrived at a brand new empire. The wanderer completely realizes that his destiny is set. He'll travel often looking for a brand new people utilizing wish as his way of answer. He that has had long to forgot the lawyer of the precious master knows certainly how, when sadness and rest together join poor people occupant-alone, it'll appear to him in his brain he is adopting and acquiring his liege lord and installing his fingers and his directly his leg, because it some occasions was within the past when he got part within the present-providing. This passing present us the wandereris sadness makes him realizad he has become their own target by permitting sadness to "hole" him alone while he rests. When he wants him he must-stop lamenting about his aged master and discover a brand new the one that may never leave him and continually be there. He'll quickly arrived at the conclusion the only master he'll actually discover that'll welcome him is God. The wanderer focusing on the institution of the religious escape path from all of the injured and discomfort that has affected him and is actually throwing away his need of the real planet. It required being exiled to achieve of comprehending that correct satisfaction originates from within the knowledge. "...this middle earth every day drops and fails ". He understands he should make an effort to acquire the approval of the being that is greater than that of the planet that is known; or individual lifestyle proceeds to beat him. And he currently should make an effort to turn into an area of the the Heavens: "No guy might certainly become smart before he's had his share of knowledge nowadays's kingdom" The Wanderer would be cared for by the signal of the comitatus; he permitted to eat in Mead Places, and the lord might compensate his topic with items if a he was faithful to his master. "The Wanderer" is mimetic once the speakers think about benefits and the dinner places throughout the Anglo Saxon times. Individual encounter or whether declaration, these are occasions which in fact happened in Anglo-Saxon period that is. They're not merely stanzas of hype written by an inventive writer; this poetry is insights of the life span of the Anglo Saxon tradition, encounters of the folks, the circumstances which are created, specifically, the exiles and divorce from lords, are certainly trae of the Wanderer. As pagan, they thought in several gods, however they also thought firmly in pagan brave practices that dominated literature and their culture. The wanderer appears to think for doing this that by performing great works and dealing with paradise, one may acquire popularity. He also still thinks within the pagan viewpoint of Fortune: "However fate is mightier, God is stronger than any guy may know.".Even although he believes the one and just true God produces oneis future; this is exactly why they can not escape in the customs of the Anglo Saxon period. Like a summary "The Wanderer", an poetry provide us, as visitors in contemporary times globe about how exactly existence was for that Anglo-Saxons a peek within the early generations. This encounter or declaration of the time display the way the Anglo Saxon culture was structured and also the need for god to his comitatus; customs and also the perception of God and Destiny; the Wanderer requires about values of his faith, and display the primary battle of the tradition throughout that period: the move from Paganism to Christianity.

HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY QUESTION ASSIGNMENT Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY QUESTION - Assignment Example Unlike meiosis which occurs in the gamete cells. The first mitotic stage is prophase. During this stage, the observable changes include the fading of the nucleolus while the chromatin material condenses together and forms the chromosomes. A chromosome is made up of two chromatids which have identical genetic material. Another significant change is the disassembling of the microtubules of the cytoskeleton. These are responsible for cell shape and motility. After this the cell moves to the next stage. Metaphase is the second stage in mitosis, during this stage, the nuclear envelope breaks making the nucleus no longer distinct. Another notable change is the elongation of spindle fibers. These elongate from the centrosomes and attach themselves to the kinetochores. After this, all the chromosomes are aligned in one plane at the center of the cell. This is due to the tension created by the spindle fibers. In anaphase, the third stage in mitosis, the spindle fibers shorten. The chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles of the cell. In telophase, the fourth stage in mitosis, the daughter chromosomes are at the poles. The spindle fibers degenerate. Cytokinesis involves, the cleavage of a contractile ring that cleaves into the two daughter cells. After this microtubules responsible for cell shape reorganize it. Mitosis is important for growth and repair in eukaryotic organisms. The daughter cells have same number of chromosomes as their parent. It is important to note that unicellular organisms also use mitosis for reproduction. This is the type of cell division that divides the number of chromosomes by two. It occurs in gamete cells. Unlike mitosis, meiosis occurs in phase I and phase II of all the stages discussed in mitosis. The result is that the genetic material is divided by two. Prophase I: Chromosomes become visible at this time due to the condensation of the chromatin material. During the S phase, the chromatid duplicates so they are two

Giving a summary and offering a contemporary example Essay

Giving a summary and offering a contemporary example - Essay Example This is also called the male gaze. Under what is a broad umbrella of psychoanalysis, different theories vary there between. The basic method of psychoanalysis is the interpretation of the relative subjects’ unconscious conflicts, that later tend to interfere with his or her day-to-day normal functioning’s. These conflicts may pose a threat such as causing phobia, anxiety or depression. Feminism on the other hand, which generally fights for ideologies aimed at defining, as well as defending equal opportunities for women in the political and economical sector (Musa, 2010, 68). This gives a feminist the role to advocate for the rights and equalities of women. In light of Laura Mulvey, and her strong ideologies, there leaves a question to be answered, on whether it still is fair to characterize women mainly as objects of the male gaze. The media in general, portrays certain roles to be taken up by either men or women. However, its men who gain the upper hand, leaving women to fit in what are at times referred to as the excess positions. The issue is thus; could there be a reversed definition of the male gaze? Meaning, could there be a female gaze? Identifying with a female gaze is just but a mere identification with the masculinity issue (Halberstam, 2008, 93). When it comes to the question about media, Laura Mulvey views Hollywood as being a good example, and a proper definition of a monolithic construct. It is evident that films and media in general, aim at mass-producing daydreams and fantasies as well, but for what purpose. Women tend to suffer being objectified via the media, through unconscious desires, which are a creation founded in a patriarchal ideology. Mulvey further builds on her ideas, with the claim that with psychoanalysis, one is able and at a position to discover the fascination of media work, in terms of the individual subject, and certain social formations that continue to mould him (Mulvey,

The Process of Managing and Design of Projects in the Construction Essay

The Process of Managing and Design of Projects in the Construction Industry - Essay Example The building has large gently sloping roofs with open vaulted ceilings and steel truss systems. It has large walls roofs and magnificent floor panels. The straight walls prevent bowing and curve hence enabling installation of tall shelves and cabinets. The building envelope considers the heated and unheated general warehouses for the rack, bulk, and storage of bins, shipping space, creating and toilet space. The design focuses on functionality and efficiency, safety, comfort, display of aesthetics, landscaping, and work safety among others. The form of the retail warehouse considers storage space, office space, and dockyard for loading, space for light industry and centres for computers. Meanwhile, warehouses are designing based on future and current needs; maximize space with good and sufficient employee movement and material handling. Layout and configuration should be optimized for quick material handling and storage. Connect the exterior and interior for goods flow in the process . Aisle widths, the design of lighting, mezzanine space, fire guards and egress design is provided for alternative material handling methods. This consists of narrow two-story terraced bungalows sitting on large block s in the city suburbs. These flats are indeed increasing in numbers. The locality may constitute both detached and semi-detached houses. The choice of terraced forms is its prevalence in the inner city which came into existence before the establishments of car bazaars. Population growth has necessitated the growth of multi-unit apartments. This has also been provoked by pressure on the environment and economy to reduce family numbers.

An address to the Loyal Citizens and Congress of the United States of Essay

An address to the Loyal Citizens and Congress of the United States of America adopted by a convention of Negroes held in Alexand - Essay Example An address to the Loyal Citizens and Congress of the United States of America adopted by a convention of Negroes held in Alexandria, Virginia, from August 2 to 5, 1865 This document was written by the African Americans who were once slaves and who had survived the chaos of the American Civil War. These Americans are from a slave state. The first thing once is see is how well the document was written. It is written in formal English and appears to be something which a lawyer would write. One would have to say the document reflects the high education level that some African Americans had gained in spite of the hostile atmosphere of racism that surrounded them. This address underlined the participation and sacrifice of African Americans in the Civil War. It notes that there were 200,000 black soldiers participating. Their undying devotion to the Northern Union cause was confirmed, the address says, by the exclamations that escaped Northern prisoners shouted, whenever they saw a black fa ce. History tells us that after the Civil War a repressive period toward African Americans followed during the Reconstruction Era. The South had been defeated, but that later came back and re-installed their repressive and brutal control over black people, expressing their racism in every way and manner they could. What is interesting about this document is that the newly freed blacks saw that this was going to happen. They express to the Congress of the United States that the loyalty the former residents speak of was only "lip deep"! This expression is unique for us, showing how words and their uses have evolved. Today we no longer use that expression and one would guess it would be called archaic at present. But the expression is full of knowledgeable insight. One must look at the quoting of numbers. The people who wrote the document were fully aware of the strength of the south, of how many of the rebels had been paroled or given amnesty. With such insight, their claim that there will be "unfriendly legislation" - which they quoted to make the term sand out, and setbacks in what the North had accomplished for black people, stands clear and well spoken of. The purpose of the document draws clear. The African Americans were asking for the right to vote before the southern voters re-kindled and passed racist laws. (Congress would later pass the 15th Amendment in 1869 given African American males the right to vote. It would be ratified in 1870). They provided several arguments. One argument was that they will be able to distinguish between a traitor and a loyal man. They pointed to how 12,000 black voters helped Governor Seymour return to his position in New York, along with another politician. This argument, then, addressed the political needs of the Democratic party at that time. But more important was that the African American contingent pointed out that with possession of the ballot, they would be able to protect themselves. Another interesting archaic word phrase came up. They were looking for an equal chance to protect themselves against the "white traitors varnished and japanned," they say, made again citizens with the oath of amnesty. The African Americans assume that the northern whites had faith with them and hence could not deny them the vote. But was this true? Did whites have faith in the blacks? What is very interesting is that this appeal also shows the atmosphere of mistrust that seem to float around all involved parties. It was no cakewalk, after the Civil War. Abraham Lincoln had made the move of emancipation after the War had started and late into it, 1863. Even his move reflected the hesitant nature of American politics. Lincoln probably knew that attitudes had to be given time to change and that at the time he issued the Emancipation Proclamation, that it was the best time to do over a weak South. But the Appeal shows how the black people knew that the Southerners were still not ready. They had still not changed their minds and were still racist. In the paragraph before last, the African Ameri